NTU Course Review: LMS Year 3 Semester 2

Nanyang Technological University
LMS Year 3 Student (Semester 2, Y2019)
Linguistics & Multilingual Studies GER-PE Courses: Forensic Linguistics, Language Evolution, Language, Culture & Society in South East Asia
Other Courses: Introduction to Entrepreneurship

Forensic Linguistics
Course name: Forensic Linguistics
Course Code: HG4022
Assessment: 

·         Two Written Assignments (Case Study Analysis & Authorship Analysis)

·         Group Presentation

·         Case Discussion

·         Class Participation

Course Review:
Forensic Linguistics is one of the more popular Level 4000 Linguistics mods. (For the uninitiated, Level 1000 and 2000 are the low-level mods considered to be at the foundation or basic level of a subject. Level 3000 is a step up where foundation knowledge of the subject is already assumed, hence a little more is expected of the students in these modules. Level 4000 is the highest level where the modules are usually a specialised topic that requires prior foundation knowledge in the subject area).

At first glance, unlike the other Level 4000 Linguistics mods, HG4022 seems like a niche subject with no related foundation level courses. There are also no pre-requisites required for anyone intending to take up this course. However, upon reassessment of the course at the end of the semester, I can say that this module actually broaches most of the concepts from low-level Linguistic courses such as in HG2002 Sociolinguistics and it is expected of you to apply some prior Linguistic knowledge in the discussions and presentations done in class.

In Forensic Linguistics you will learn about the law, court culture and the use of forensic linguistic analysis on evidences presented in court. Some interesting things you will learn includes finding out how flawed the legal world (or the world in general) can be, how difficult it actually is to forge someone else’s writing or signature and the different techniques forensic linguists use to analyse written evidences. Ever since an unfortunate incident in my pre-university days I have a fascination for the law. Hence, this module gave me an amazing opportunity to learn more in depth about some aspects of the judicial systems in Singapore and other parts of the world.

Like most of Stephanie’s classes, there will always be a lot of group discussions. For Forensic Linguistics, most of the discussions centred upon real life case studies. There is also a component in the module where we had to attend a Court Hearing session and later on present what we had learnt and experienced in class. While there are no tests, there are two assignments that constitute the bulk of the component weightages (65%) and group presentations (25%).

Language Evolution
Course name: Language Evolution
Course Code: HG3040
Assessment:

·         One Final MCQ and Essay Test

·         Group Wiki

·         Group Presentation

·         Group Report on Progress of Wiki page

Course Review:
By Year 3 Semester 2, the typical Linguistics student would have already taken their compulsory Core modules. Hence, the subjects that I took for this semester are the subjects that I was really interested in or is fascinated to learn about. Language Evolution is one subject that I thought would be really fascinating and perhaps important for any linguist to know.

Language Evolution is not to be confused with Historical Linguistics, another subject that I find equally interesting. Historical Linguistics deals with how language changes over time or within a time period and an example would be studying how Old English eventually evolved to become the Modern English that we now speak. Language Evolution however deals with how Language came into the prowess of human beings. 

The subject deals with the evolutionary development that is required for Language to emerge as well as the cultural forces that could have sparked its emergence. The problem with the study of Language Evolution is that languages do not fossilize hence we cannot find any direct evidence of the speech of our ancestors. Hence, evolutionary linguists have to contend with indirect evidences to hypothesize the possible emergence of language in humans. As a result, this module is innately loaded with theories.

One thing I like about Luca’s class is the amount of thought he puts in to try to maximise his student’s learning. For this module, he had devised a Group Wiki assignment to put the onus of understanding a particular topic on to his students. My group had chosen a particularly tricky topic which required some careful reading and understanding. This group project kept us on the toes and really made us understand our topic well because we also had to do a group presentation about it. At the end of the day, I felt satisfied because I have actually learnt and understood something fundamentally.

The bulk of the weightage will come from the in-class final test and essay on the last day of the module while the rest will come from your Group Wiki assignment.

Language, Culture and Societies in South East Asia
Course name:    Language, Culture and Societies in South East Asia
Course Code:     HG4062
Assessment:

·         Group Presentation

·         Two Essays

Course Review:
I actually spent the most of my studying time on this module. Compared to my other courses, HG4062 had an enormous amount of reading to be done (2-3 compulsory papers plus 2-3 additional papers highly recommended to read up on). As a practice since Year 1, I read all my readings regardless if it is compulsory or not so this mod was particularly challenging for me to keep up with.

Language, Culture and Societies in South East Asia deals with a broad spectrum of research on the language and language practices in South East Asia. One thing that became apparent from the first lesson was the breadth of knowledge and experience that Prof Benjamin had about South East Asian languages from his long career in anthropology and linguistics. He had a quality of curiosity about him and fascination for why things are as it is that is strangely inspiring.

In this course you will first learn about the linguistic landscape of South East Asia and where most of the major languages in the region came from before moving to analyse more in-depth each of the major language families. South East Asia is a melting pot of language families. To take into perspective, most of Europe forms one major language family, the Indo-European language family, but in South East Asia there are more than 4 major language families - Tai-Kadai, Austronesian, Tibeto-Burmese, Sinitic and Hmong-Mien language family - in a much smaller geographical area. Historical and Anthropological Linguistics play a large role in this course as it explains why the linguistic landscape is as such.

Expect to learn more than you probably anticipated from this course. While tackling one of the essay assignments, I discovered from my mum and maternal relatives that we are descendants of the old Riau-Lingga Sultanate, a relation that is preserved by inter-marriage practices and naming culture.

The bulk of the weightage of your grades will come from your two essays so you will have to work on them. Prof Benjamin is an old school professor so do your readings and follow his instructions to write your essays and you should do well.

Intro to Entrepreneurship 
Course name: Introduction to Entrepreneurship
Course Code: ET9121
Course Type: Unrestricted Elective
Assessment:

·         Final Presentation

·         Elevator Pitch

·         Class Participation

Course Review:
ET9121 is a gem of a course for the aspiring entrepreneurs. I have been interested in the prospects of being an entrepreneur for quite a while and had been mulling a couple of ideas that I do not quite know how to take off. ET9121 came with the critical steps that I have to take as well as the confidence to successfully launch a start-up.

I initially have no clue about how I could launch a start-up, but this course gives an almost step-by-step guideline on how to do so while also providing a recipe to ensure you do not blow up almost immediately before your idea could take off (Risk Management). I initially had 3 ideas for a start-up and went on to pitch and develop one them for this course. Through the course, Marilyn, our course professor, gave tips and offered her connections if we decide to really start our own start-up. I learnt that in Singapore, there are many ways to raise funds and build a business and the process is actually fairly simple, but a solid team and proper business plan is what it takes for your business to thrive.

The course only has five lessons throughout the semester, but they are done on Saturdays and during Recess Week and usually takes up the entire day. Due to this, there is a strict and really quick deadline to follow. Within one month from the start of the course, you will have to come up with a presentation and develop a business plan. Of course, this will be done in groups as the workload is really too much for one person. The good news is that once you are done with the course, you do not have to think about it and it is 3 AUs (Academic Units) done and dusted for the semester. As I still have 9 AUs of SU credits to spare and only one useable SU subject this semester, I decided to SU this course to mitigate the risk of dropping my cGPA.
Final Grade: SU

These are subjective opinions and interpretations of the course that I undertook during my semester year in NTU. Do note that the courses may change in its entirety over the coming semesters and years. Hope that it has been useful for you!

This course review is my view and take on the modules I took up this Semester which I hope may be of use to you who may have plans to take up these modules. Thanks for reading! Спасибо Большое!

Hidden Jewels in Moscow: VDNKh

Hidden Jewels in Moscow: VDNKh

Location: Prospekt Mira, 119, Moskva, Russia

Cost: Free
Additional costs for several pavilions.

VDNKh (ВДНХ)

Referred to by locals as vee-dee-an-ha, its full name being Vystavka Dostizheniy Narodnogo Khozyaystva which literally means ‘Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy’, this massive site is a permanent trade show and amusement park. Imagine the World Expo but this time filled only with pavilions related to Russia. With an illustrious history such as Russia, it is thus to no surprise that it would require a massive site such as this to display all her past achievements.

In this site you will find all sorts of pavilions; buildings with their own unique concepts and architecture dedicated to a certain theme related to Russia. Hence, you will find a mish mash of pavilions dedicated to cosmonauts, the military, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and even Russian football for example located side-by-side in this open-concept site. Walking through this site will make you feel like walking through a Disneyland with so much interesting sites to see and discover! Apart from the pavilions, you will also find open air museums featuring military vehicles and a space shuttle, museums such as the Illusion Museum and also the Moskvarium; a building featuring an aquarium, water show and pool for swimming with dolphins.

A large fountain is situated in the middle of this site, called the Fountain of Friendship, a fountain dedicated to the former Soviet Republic states, now the countries within the CIS. The fountain acts as a point of reference in the park so that one does not travel too far to the east or west as this place is indeed enormous and I am not too sure where the site actually ends. (See story below!)

The site has a few fast food restaurants near the entrance but also many other high-end restaurants within the grounds itself. If one wants more variety of food or more affordable food, one can also head to a nearby shopping mall next to the entrance of VDNKh called the VDNKh Shopping Mall. There, you can find a couple of other restaurants, fast food outlets and a food court.

Experience

Before arriving in Moscow, I have not heard of VDNKh. However, during my stay in Moscow when the subject of places to visit came up, VDNKh was often mentioned by both Russian and other exchange students. I eventually made plans with Marvin, a fellow exchange student from Hong Kong, to visit the site one day with Desirae, a Singaporean exchange student. Hence, after class with Marvin one afternoon, we went straight from our campus near Lubyanka Station to VDNKh, located along Prospekt Mira to the north, nearer to our dormitory which was also located in Prospekt Mira.

From Lubyanka Station, we took the red line to Christie Prudie and walked a little to transfer to the orange line from Turgenevskaya Station. After 5 stops, we reached the VDNKh Station, the nearest station to VDNKh. We walked out of the train station and was met with two famous buildings in Moscow, the Hotel Cosmos and the Museum of Cosmonautics; the former being the largest and most famous hotel in Russia with the most popular night club - a towering building built during the Soviet era - and the latter being one of the must-see museums if you were to visit Moscow. After all, the former Soviet Union constitutes one half of the space race and the massive technological advancements the world has seen! To get to VDNKh, one has to walk towards and past the Museum of Cosmonautics which was closed during the summer of 2018 due to renovations.

The entrance of VDNKh is hard to miss – a massive gateway arch greets visitors into the open space grounds. Passing the arch, we found ourselves in an open paved square with water features and some fast food restaurants to our right. As we were waiting for Desirae who was coming from a ballet class, we went to have a meal at the McDonalds first. After our friend came along, we headed to explore this lovely enchanting space.

Walking inwards, the first landmark we saw was a monument of Lenin, the Father of Soviet Russia, which was also under construction that day. (It became a running joke by then that wherever I went, the attractions would be closed due to some reason or another.) Walking past the statue and a building structure located behind the statue, we came across the Fountain of Friendship with its golden statues in the middle of a large manmade water feature. Flanked on every corner of the fountain are various pavilions with their unique architectural designs.

i.Zi App

I used the i.Zi App, a free app I was introduced to by some Russians when I went to visit the Banksy Exhibition, that gave me an English audio tour of most of the pavilions that are at VDNKh. As most of the signs are in Russian, the app allows me to at least understand what the purpose of the pavilion was. Slowly, we walked from one pavilion to another. We did not enter most of the pavilions as some of them were closed, some of them were restaurants while others simply did not interest all of us. Some pavilions that you can find here was a pavilion on Russian football for example where you had to pay, I think it was 50 roubles.

Pavilions & Pavilions

We walked along the water feature while admiring both the water features and the pavilions. All this while it is also possible for us to turn away from the water feature and venture outwards to other buildings or pavilions behind the pavilions flanking the water features, but assessing the size of the place from our initial impression, we thought we should follow the general route so that we would not get lost. After a while, we reached the end of the water feature and had to choose to take the path on the left or right. We picked the right and walked to an area with a lot less people and less frequent pavilions in sight. There are still pavilions, some of them unmanned, but after a little bit of walking, we reached a point where we could only see some workers and we were walking on gravel. There were still pavilions, however, which was reflected in the i.zi app. We thus turned a path and headed leftwards where we found ourselves in a sort of like an open air museum.

A rocket stood impressively in this area, as with other Russian military vehicles. After taking some pictures, we explored the nearby buildings. There were several museums such as the Illusion museum and Space Pavilion, although some of them were closed, and we did manage to find the Moskvarium which was a short walk away from the open air museum. The Moskvarium stood apart from the other pavilions with its flashing electronic billboards and signs. We entered and made some enquiries about ticket prices. Unfortunately, the water show was sold out for that hour and we did not really fancy going to the aquarium because there are attractions such as those in Singapore and Hong Kong, hence we left and made our way to the Space Pavilion.

Space Pavilion

A definite must-go place is the Space Pavilion. From the outside, you could catch a glimpse of what was inside and the place seems really huge. We were initially sceptical of this pavilion as there were hardly anybody entering the pavilion and the entrance too were hard to find (I thought it was a restricted area!). But we entered and asked a staff if we could enter and the staff inside said yes and led us to the ticketing counter. We bought our tickets, 250 roubles if you have an ISIC card or student pass (about 5 Singapore dollars) and entered this massive pavilion. We were instantly greeted by an enormous Earth model that was actually also a 4D theatre ride. Walking past the Earth model, you will come across the part-interactive-part-display Space museum that teaches and introduces visitors to complex things learnt about space. One of the interactive exhibits allows visitors to launch a rocket into space whereby failure to choose the correct components of the rocket will result in the rocket not being able to take off. In others, visitors could play games related to space on touch screen panels that also teaches stuff such as the speed of rockets and sustainability in space.

In this Pavilion, there were sufficient English translation provided in the exhibits, hence it was a really helped us enjoy the displays more. Here I learnt about the difficulties of space exploration, the space rocket models built by the Soviets and general facts about space that I was previously oblivious about. (For example, did you know that most of Space is covered in a tendril-like Dark Matter? Or that scientists figured out that the universe is expanding by observing and measuring the distance of light from objects in space?).

For about 5 dollars, it was a really worth experience and it made me wonder, “If this is just a Space Pavilion, what else would be in the Museum of Cosmonautics?!” For 5 dollars, this was a worth-it experience to enjoy. Coming from Singapore where there are no such museums here, it was a fascinating experience for me and, perhaps, if I had been immersed in this Space culture when I was growing up, I may have just had decided to build a career on this fascinating subject!

We made a mistake when we entered the pavilion. We were actually supposed to take the 4D simulation ride first before entering the museum, but we skipped past it. As we were leaving the museum, we remembered about it but the next timing was in 30 minutes. We were a little tired from all the walking, so we just hung around the museum and talked about life and stuff. There were a couple of comfortable bean bag seats or sofa near the entrance of the museum where we plopped down to just have a chat. After waiting the entire 30 minutes, we went into the Earth model for the ride, and enjoyed a 4D ride that turned out to be just about 5 minutes long!

Lost in VDNKh

Afterwards, we went out of the museum and headed to explore a little more of VDNKh. It was slowly growing darker by the minute by then. We walked to the area where we thought we were lost at the very beginning of our exploration and continued that path. We saw several really cute smaller pavilions such as the Pavilion dedicated to meat and the pavilion dedicated to rabbits. All this while the number of people around us thinned until it was just us. After a while we decided to head back and that was when we realised, we were lost.

We took a couple of turns when we explored this massive area and the path is not just one linear path, there are several paths heading to different directions. We initially thought we were tracing back our steps but the pavilions we encountered were different. I did not remember encountering a Pavilion dedicated to Smart City on the way down this path. Hence, we were essentially lost and it was getting dark. The lights in the site started to go on. Eventually, we simply used GPS to find our way back and to our horror, we were a good 15 minutes’ walk away from the centre of VDNKh (the fountains area). It was, however, a pleasant walk back as I had good company and lots of things to see.

After a while, we re-entered the fountain area and knew our paths back to the entrance of VDNKh. Walking past the McDonalds to our right and the fountain on the left, we exited the area and decided to have dinner at the VDNKh Shopping Mall to our right. In the mall, most of the shops had already closed but the food court at the top level of the mall was open. There, I bought a really delicious chicken shawarma meal which was huge and affordable. After the hearty meal, me and Marvin parted ways with Desirae while we went back to our dormitory near Prospekt Mira. (We took the wrong bus, going in the wrong direction and went into a suburb area of Moscow. But upon realising our mistake, we got off, crossed the road and took the right bus back. It was practically night, around 10pm when we finally reached our dormitory to call off an incredibly satisfying visit.)

First-timer's Guide to Investing in Singapore

This guide will cover the basic fundamentals about investing in Singapore for the average Singaporean. It includes the basic and popular forms of investment here which is the Singapore Savings Bond and the Stock Market, and give a good foundation as to how the investment instrument works. It will not include recommendations on what to invest in nor an in-depth analysis of the market. This is a purely layman's guide for the first-time investor.

1.       Singapore Savings Bond (SSB)

The Singapore Savings Bond is a type of government bond. A government bond is a way in which a government is able to raise cash quickly to be used for government related projects or investments. In a way, when you buy a government bond, you are essentially loaning your money to the government at an interest stipulated which is determined by the treasury issuing the bond. 

The Singapore government issues the Singapore Savings Bond (SSB) every month with differing interest rates depending on the conditions of the economy. SSBs form a better way to earn money compared to just saving in the bank. If you save in the bank, the interest rate is probably around 0.05%. That means when you save $1 000 in your bank, the bank pays you back just 50 cents every year.

But when you purchase SSBs, you will accrue higher interests. For example, the Bonds that you can buy in June 2019 has an interest rate of 1.93%. That means, when you put in $1 000 to buy the bonds, the government will pay you back an additional $19.30 every year. The interest also increases the longer you do not sell the bond back to the government. If you keep for 5 years for example, the interest increases to 2.09%.

The amazing thing about SSBs is that it is very liquid in the sense that you can get your money back anytime you want, you just have to write in some paper work. Hence, it is about the same thing as just saving your money in the bank. There is also almost no risk involved because the only risk that you lose your money is if the Singapore government defaults on the bond repayment for some reason. As the Singapore government is relatively stable with a healthy reserve, the risk would be relatively low compared to less stable government bonds elsewhere.

Buying Bonds compared to saving in the bank:

Year	If you save in Bank	If you buy Bond
1	$1000.50	$1019.30
2	$1001	$1038.60
3	$1001.50	$1057.90
4	$1002	$1078.00
5	$1002.50	$1098.90
6	$1003	$1120.40
7	$1003.50	$1143.10

To start buying SSBs, you will first have to create a Central Depository (CDP) Account and have a local bank account (DBS/POSB, OCBC or UOB) linked to your CDP account. The steps to do so can be easily followed online. Link: http://www.sgs.gov.sg/savingsbonds/Your-SSB/How-to-buy.aspx 
The minimum capital required to buy the bond is $500 and you can purchase in multiples of $500 but for each transaction (to buy or redeem), there is a standard fee of $2.

2.       Stock Market

If you think that the interest rate for SSBs is too low and you want to try a different investment instrument, then you can also look into the SGX or Singapore's stock market. When you invest in the stock market, there are higher risks involved but there are also more opportunities to earn more from your savings.

The Stock Market is a way for companies to raise a lot of capital or money for their own business needs. These companies offer stakes or shares of their company in return for your money hence in this agreement you get to 'own' part of the company. The company can then use your money for needs such as to buy more assets like properties or factory equipment or for research and development.

There are two ways you are able to earn money in the Stock Market. One: Dividends. Two: Share price.

Dividends are like interests. Companies reward people who invest in their company, or they could share part of their profits with their investors. They do that by paying dividends back to the people who invest in their company. For example: DBS bank pays 4.95% dividends to investors that invest in their company in 2018. That means if I own $1 000 worth of DBS shares, DBS reward me with $49.50 for the year 2018. Usually, the Dividend rates are greater than the interest rates from the Singapore Savings Bonds. Compare DBS Dividend rate of 4.95% to SSB interest rate of 1.93%.

This dividend rates depends on the companies and the type of companies issuing the shares. Some companies don’t pay Dividends at all while some pays low Dividends like 1% but some companies can pay up to 10% Dividends. It is your responsibility to research why companies fixed their Dividends rate as such because high dividends does not normally translate to higher returns as you will also have to take note of the Share Price of the shares that you bought too.

Share price is the price of the stock itself. When you buy stocks, you can buy according to the market value at the time you buy the stock. For example, the DBS share price as of 7 June 2019 is $24.15 for 1 share. This price will rise and fall as long as the market is open. If the market that the company is involved in and the company itself is doing financially well, the price can increase but vice versa, the opposite can happen to. If the price go up after you buy the stock, then you can sell and earn money straight away. However, do note that you will also need to pay a certain fee to your stock broker each time you buy or sell the stock. Stock brokers are the person or company that helps you buy and sell on the stock market and is a must for anyone interested in investing in the Singapore stock market.
Once you sell your share, you cannot earn their Dividends any longer.

There are many different types of companies that list their stocks or shares on the Stock Market. For example, there are Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), oil companies, retail companies, banks and many more, but they all work the same: Share Prices and Dividends. When the general economy goes bad, it does not necessarily mean that the market in which your company that you invested in will also see a downtrend. You will have to understand the market of the stocks in which you are buying in order and the potential news or situation in the world that could affect the share prices or dividends of the stocks.

To start buying shares in the SGX, you will have to own a Central Depository (CDP) account and accrue the services of a stock broker. The stock broker can be any company or persons that have the legal authority to deal in the Stock Market and they will help you to purchase the stocks that you want for a stipulated fee. After engaging a broker, you will have to open a brokerage account in which you will be able to put in the capital to start investing in the stock market. The minimum amount you can invest depends on the shares that you are investing in but in the SGX, you are only allowed to invest in Lots of 100 shares. Hence, if you intend to purchase 1 lot of DBS shares (Code: d05) which is $24.15/ share as of 7/6/2019, you will need to invest a minimum of $2 415 or have that amount in your brokerage account.

Hence, I have explained the fundamentals of the more common and popular investment instruments here in Singapore. I hope that it will be beneficial to all who reads them. Do follow my blog posts for more guides that you may be interested in and have a great time investing!